Examining The Traditional Indigenous Community Structures Religion Essays

Inspecting The Traditional Indigenous Community Structures Religion Essays Inspecting The Traditional Indigenous Community Structures Religion Essay Inspecting The Traditional Indigenous Community Structures Religion Essay Customary Autochthonal people group were truly organized and the individuals inside them submitted to numerous innate Torahs and statutes. Autochthonal individuals accept that all their standard Torahs were built up during the Dreamtime ( the clasp of innovative action ) by their ascendants. These Torahs decided the fitting practices of various individuals inside the people. The Torahs other than chose which supplements could be eaten, how supplement ought to be shared, individuals s rights and obligations, family unit guidelines, marriage understandings, otherworldly duties and punishments for the individuals who overstepped the guidelines ( Customary Law, Traditional Life, Aboriginal People and Torres Strait Islanders, 2005 ) . 2.0 The assorted variety of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Torahs There are around 500 known Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander states ( Hamper et.al, 2009, p.58 ) . Inside every one of these states are a figure of kinfolks. Every one of these families has their ain region, conventions and ceremonies and has built up an alone statute. In this way, there are 1000s of signifiers of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people groups standard statute. Be that as it may, the entirety of the families have a strict balance by which to compose their statute. For representation, the Dreamtime is critical to the constitution of the statute and the capacity of the land and spiritualty in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander standard law. 3.0 The strict idea of standard statute The central principle of customary Aboriginal society is faith in the solidarity of the strict, human and characteristic universe ( Aspects of Traditional Aboriginal Australia, 2007 ) . Native spiritualty depends on the Dreaming ( got from Dreamtime ) , Totems and association with land and natural structures of H2O. 3.1 The Dream This strict perspective is known as the Dreaming, and it pervades each feature of conventional Aboriginal life. The significance of the Dreamtime lies in the way it tells how the alcohols made and kept up the land and how they set out the statute. The part of the Dreaming is that each bit of the existence power the Ancestral Beings, the land, the ocean, universes, zoologies, vegetations and normal wonders is inseparably and everlastingly associated with each other segment. Besides, through the perception of custom and formal, universes can come in into an immediate relationship with the Dreaming ( Aspects of Traditional Aboriginal Australia, 2007 ) 3.2 Totems An of import feature of Aboriginal spiritualty is the conviction that each individual has a totem. Totemism portrays the connection between a man with a works or quicken being species, or a status or a situation. In customary Aboriginal conviction every individual s totem starts in the topographic point where that singular s female parent was impregnated with a soul kid. Soul kids are discharged in impossible to miss hallowed topographic focuses by the Ancestral Beings. For outline, a pregnant grown-up female close to the site of a goanna will er unborn child is immediately associated with the goanna totem31. 3.3 Connection with land and natural structures of H2O The nearby bonds between Aboriginal individuals and the physical and strict universes are especially obvious comparable to land. Land is vested in every individual from the etymological correspondence bunch as a consecrated heritage from the Dreaming, and in this manner gives the establishment to the gathering s being. Each gathering s region is truly, profoundly, monetarily and socially key for continuance. Therefore, association with land is a worked in bit of the brain of each person inside the phonetic correspondence gathering. 4.0 The attributes of Aboriginal and Torres waterway Islander statute There are four cardinal attributes of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people groups standard statute ; orally based, understanding on Torahs all through the entire gathering, family and proclivity ties and, in view of customs and conventions. A cardinal trait of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander statute is the develop of shared responsibility for land and assets. This build is in ruined rather than European law, which is given to the standard of private possession 5.0 Ritual and unwritten conventions The rituals that every family rehearsed originated from their various readings of the Dreamtime. These rituals were found in all nations of life, including confidence and standard statute. Along these lines to European law, subsequently, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander standard law has a solid custom segment. For outline, ceremonial ceremonials influencing specific consecrated locales, vocal rhythms are joined by move, and natural structure picture, and even athleticss ( Autochthonal Traditions Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, 2006 ) . One of the main attributes of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander standard statute is that it is unwritten law. This implies the law is non recorded however on the other hand transmitted by expression of oral depression. Every coevals must recover the Torahs thus experience them on to the undermentioned coevals. Tunes, move and accounts were utilized to help individuals from the kinfolk recover the various Torahs that applied to their gathering. One of the occupations related with unwritten law is that it tends to be overlooked or misjudged. As one coevals gives the law to another, it is simple for it to be accidentally altered. To show signs of improvement of this activity, Aboriginal individuals would only dismissal a statute that had changed to the point that it was currently uncalled for. This is one of the main points of interest of unwritten law: its flexibleness. As a general public adjusts, so can the law. In European-based lawful frameworks, modifying the law includes a long and typically tedious methodology ; as an impact, the legitimate framework can leave measure with the standpoint of society. 6.0 Dispute Resolution Debate statement includes intervention and pacification did by seniors of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people group. Intervention includes all gatherings engaged with a distinction talking through their issues and looking to choose their occupations through exchange. As opposed to passing out punishment to a person who broke innate Torahs or imposts, Autochthonal legitimate convention holds that it is smarter to hold a family unit part converse with the individual and exertion to choose the activity by treatment. Where a distinction could non be settled through intercession, pacification would be utilized. In this strategy for contrast affirmation, the seniors of the society would run into with the individuals in the battle and exertion to assist them with making a presentation through treatment and duologue. Their silver hair much of the time recognizes seniors, in any case, more youthful shrewd work powers would other than participate in gatherings. In any case, the seniors in Autochthonal people group are expiring out doing it difficult to remember them for gatherings. 7.0 Sanctions There are army faces inside Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people groups standard statute. The essential faces include: cultural scorn and detachment, reprisal, battling and disdainful, test by trial and, examination. Ancestral punishment is existing in Aboriginal development. Conventional punishment is a development of standard law ; rebuffs transgressors violatin and violating Aboriginal people group esteems. Theway in which punishment is spread out is like that of the Australian criminal justness framework. A gathering is held comprising the charged, complainant and seniors who choose the discipline and the disagreeableness of punishment. A representation of a typical punishment is the blamed being skewered a figure for times in the thigh. 8.0 You should reason your examination with a notion, upheld by grounds, regarding whether the two signifiers of statute viable are perfect and could exist together in Australia. There are significant contrasts between the advanced Australian legitimate framework dependent on English normal law and Indigenous standard Torahs. Under Australian statute there is an unmistakable partition between legitimate undertakings and profound cultural and virtues. In any case, customary Aboriginal law is ineluctably founded on Aboriginal confidence ; the Dreamtime gives the adequate codifications of conduct in all aspects of life. A few nations of standard statute are perfect in Australia, for example, intercession and affirmation of customary land. A signifier of intercession alluded to as circle condemning has been consolidated into the condemnable justness framework. For representation, the Koori council, a venture of the Victorian Aboriginal Justice Agreement, expects to right overrepresentation of Autochthonal miscreants in the condemnable justness framework through the introduction of equity related plans and administrations in association with the Koori people group ( Message Stick Koori Court, 2005 ) . The individuals from the Koori Court contain network pioneers, an officer and a senior of the network. Trial of hover censuring in various nations of Australia have been fruitful. Circle condemning has diminished the boundaries that by and by exist among Courts and prompted improvements in the level of help for Aboriginal transgressors ( Lawlink NSW: 3. Native Customary Law, 2000 ) . In add-on, the Lardil Peoples v. Territory of Queensland [ 2004 ] FCA 298 shows the turning affirmation of significance of natural structures of H2O to the Autochthonal Australians. The conventional owners ( the Lardil, Yangkaal, Kaidilt and Gangalidda pe

Organization Management

Presentation Organizations are intelligent of an aggregation of various factors inside and outside its setting. The accomplishment of any associations is constantly licensed to the great authority style utilized by the top executives.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Organization Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the exhibition of an association relies on an assortment of elements including inner just as outside elements. Inward factors may incorporate administration procedure received by the organization while outer components involve issues, for example, government arrangement, rivalry and globalization, just as the general condition inside which an association works. Top supervisors play out a vital job in the administration of any association through their job of contriving procedures just as planning approaches managing the company’s activities towards accomplishing the set objectives and destinations (Hanson, 20 08; Sadler, 2003). In addition, they additionally have an order of coordinating and planning the general activities of organizations. Through their controlling and driving job, the directors are answerable for assigning assets to different offices notwithstanding driving the others in the supervisory group to adequately complete their obligations. Subsequently, the top supervisors extraordinarily influence the presentation of the associations. Nonetheless, different partners, for example, supervisory group, government just as the business are similarly significant in the presentation of the firm (Hooke, 2010). Interior elements influencing the exhibition of an organization The key authority hypothesis holds a few realities to the extent the connection between top chiefs and authoritative picture and execution is concerned. Regardless, the official administrators are associated with offering positions of authority that push the exhibition of their associations. As pioneers, the offic ial supervisors structure the organization objectives and goals that are intended to guide the tasks of the firm (Hooke, 2010). Besides, the chiefs detail arrangements just as concocting techniques to guarantee that the planned objectives and goals are accomplished. The organization is subsequently represented by the arrangements figured just as systems received by these chiefs (Minichilli et al, 2010).Advertising Looking for article on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The arrangements accordingly oversee each aspect of the organization tasks including relationship among the representatives inside the organization, their relations with the bosses just as the clients. Subsequently, the tasks of an association are monstrously influenced as is its exhibition (Minichilli et al, 2010). Then again, procedures received by the official administrators likewise have direct effect on the exhibition of an associ ation (Richard, 2009; Sadler, 2003). As per Richard very much educated supervisors can shape the association they lead (16). The administration methodologies executed decides to a huge degree the intensity of a firm contrasted with its rivals in the business. Hitt et al (2009) contend that a company’s serious capacity is improved when the supervisors build up just as actualize techniques that increase the value of the organization (4). For example, such rivalry was seen among Airbus and Boeing where both the organizations received distinctive serious techniques to make due in the market as well as make benefits. Airbus presented very gigantic with a huge limit while its rival picked a medium-sized plane with a traveler limit yet productive along these lines winning the serious fight (Hitt et al, 2009). By and large, Richard reasons that such position to settle on choices in the interest of the organization is just left for the top supervisors in brought together hierarchical frameworks yet designated to bring down authoritative levels in decentralized frameworks (Richard, 2009). Official chiefs are additionally gave with a significant job of controlling the assignment of assets inside the association. They hence have the authority over the circulation and designation of assets to the different organization offices (Jing and Avery, 2008). Very much educated chiefs would guarantee impartial circulation of such assets which thusly improve the exhibition of the homestead as each department’s necessities is dealt with. In any case, poor asset allotment would make shortage of such indispensable prerequisites in certain offices in this way affecting adversely on the hierarchical exhibition (Jing and Avery, 2008).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Organization Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The official directors are along these lines consulted with the position and capacity to assign basic assets just a s make decides that oversee such designation. Therefore, the top administrators directly affect the presentation of an organization. In any case, Golsorkhi et al (2010) takes an alternate point of view concerning such powers (111). They contend that the managers’ power is controlled by the standards of an appropriate direct as shared by their partners just as junior workers inside the association (Golsorkhi et al, 2010). They repeat the reliance of hierarchical structure and the office as specified in the auxiliary hypothesis. As per the hypothesis, the assets are constrained by the current standards and guidelines which happen to shape a social framework (Golsorkhi et al, 2010). Outer components influencing the presentation of an organization The exhibition and notoriety of an organization is likewise authorize to different factors separated from the administration techniques embraced by the top directors. These outer powers may compel the organizations to embrace certain te chniques that would influence their presentation emphatically or more terrible still, contrarily. At the beginning, political powers may force an association to hold fast to the laid laws, for example, charge laws and natural consistence (Ofosu-Amaah, 2000). These enactments will shape the organization to be socially just as ecologically cordial thus improving its open picture and notoriety (Ofosu-Amaah, 2000). Besides, governments may choose to offer appropriations to association in which they have proprietorship trying to expand their profitability just as continue work in those organizations. For example, countries, for example, France, Spain and Germany have obtained proprietorship in the Airbus in this way guaranteeing the organization succeeds in business accordingly controling the increased joblessness rate (Hitt et al, 2009). Nonetheless, raised assessments collected on the associations may discharge them from their operations.Advertising Searching for article on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Then again, biological viewpoint discredits the way that hierarchical achievement is completely authorize to the top directors yet to the earth inside which the association works. The earth here may incorporate such factors as globalization and rivalry (Pine and Davies, 1999). In the ongoing past, there has been an enlarged reliance between various economies just as associations. Such relations have improved the presentation of the included associations as they can trade current administration procedures just as advancements essential for both their endurance just as benefit. Alternately, rivalry has affected on the exhibition of various association in a similar industry (Pine and Davies, 1999). Through rivalry, organizations have turned to mergers so as to defeat the business leaps presently saw in the serious market. Such merger empowers the associations to gain from others’ the executives procedures just as tackle relevant and muddled issues in the business together (Hanson , 2008). By receiving other fruitful organizations’ technique, the organizations in rivalry can improve their presentation massively (Hitt et al, 2009). End Organizations are intelligent of an assortment of an assortment of variables inside and outside its setting. In the first place, the presentation of any association is affected by the administration methodology received by the supervisory group just as other outer variables including the general condition inside which it works rivalry, globalization just as government approaches, for example, charge laws. Reference List Golsorkhi, Damon et al (2010) Cambridge Handbook of Strategy as Practice. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Hanson, D. (2008) Strategic Management: Competitiveness and globalization. third version. Asia Pacific, Thomson. Hitt, Michael et al (2009) Strategic administration: intensity and globalization: ideas cases. eighth version. Florence. Cengage Learning, Inc. Hooke, Jeffrey (2010) Security Analysis and Business Valuation on Wall Street + Companion Web Site: A Comprehensive Guide to Today’s Valuation Methods. second version. New York. John Wiley and Sons. Jing, Fenwick and Avery, Gayle C. (2008) Missing Links In Understanding The Relationship Between Leadership And Organizational Performance. Sidney. Macquarie University. 7(5). 67-78. Minichilli, Alessandro et al (2010) Top Management Teams in Family-Controlled Companies: ‘Familiness’, ‘Faultlines’, and Their Impact on Financial Performance. Diary of Management Studies. 47(2) 205â€222. Ofosu-Amaah, Paati (2000) Reforming business-related laws to advance private part improvement: the World Bank involvement with Africa. Washington DC. World Bank Publications. Pine, Joseph and Davies, Stan (1999) Mass customization: the new boondocks in business rivalry. Harvard. Harvard Business Press. Richard, L. (2009) Organization Theory and Design. tenth release. Florence. Cengage Learning, Inc. 2009 p16. S

The euro star Essay Example for Free

The euro star Essay The euro star is more than reasonable for those with incapacities the Eurostar is Dedicated to giving the most elevated level of administration for every one of its travelers, the Eurostar terminals at London St Pancras International, Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International, just as the traveler trains themselves are extraordinarily prepared for the individuals who may require extra offices or administrations. So to finish up for the Eurostar I would prescribe to Parents with kids to pick this choice over others, nonetheless on the off chance that the clients need a vehicle while in Paris, at that point I would pick an alternate choice, in spite of the fact that as the Paris station is in Disneyland Paris the requirement for a vehicle isnt likely except if the lodging they are remaining in is outside the Disneyland Paris territory. Wheelchairs There are 2 assigned zones on the train, each for one wheelchair client and friend in Leisure Select (top notch), mentors 9 10. They offer the wheelchair client the alternative to remain in their wheelchair in the event that they wish and should be - 8-utilized if travelers can't stroll at any rate 200m independent. Call for help catches are likewise fitted. If it's not too much trouble note that the assigned wheelchair spaces are for travelers that have their own wheelchair. An extraordinary passage is accessible for both wheelchair client and partner, it would be ideal if you enquire at the hour of booking. Uncommon Assistance Special help is not, at this point bookable ahead of time. Help is orchestrated face to face upon the arrival of flight at the help work area and is dependent upon accessibility. In the event that the traveler figures they may require help getting to or from the train, they would need to show up before the expected time as they can (ideally at any rate 1 hour preceding flight). Guide Dogs Guide hounds are acknowledged ready, anyway please note under no different conditions may creatures travel on Eurostar. Debilitated toilets with call for help catches are accessible at the flight lounges at London St Pancras, Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International stations and furthermore on the trains themselves in First Class Leisure Select Coaches 9 and 10. What's more, an additional note for the crippled travelers Eurostar Door Widths: Toilet 522mm/Exit Door 850mm/Disabled Toilet 7200mm - 9-Euro burrow Eurotunnel is the organization answerable for building the twin railroad burrows under the English Channel connecting Britain and France at Folkestone, in Kent and Coquelles, in the Nord Pas-de-Calais. Eurotunnel runs its own bus administration that conveys travelers and their vehicles among Folkestone and Calais. Eurotunnel additionally charges other rail administrators, as Eurostar, to utilize the Channel Tunnel or Chunnel as we regularly call it. Eurotunnel works an armada of 25 transport trains to ship vehicles, mentors and trucks and their drivers and travelers. Trains run 24 hours per day, seven days per week. There are 3 trains an hour between 06:00-00:00, and 2 trains an hour among 12 PM and 06:00. The van has now been in activity for more than 12 years and since its first business administrations 177 million individuals have gone through the Channel Tunnel that is multiple times the number of inhabitants in both France and England! Eurotunnel transport timetable Eurotunnel runs 34 transport benefits a day, 7 days per week, both from Calais to Folkestone, and from Folkestone to Calais. By and large, there are 2 administrations an hour between 06:00-23:00, 1 help an hour between 23:00-01:00 and around 1 assistance like clockwork between 01:00-06:00. - 10-Journey time among Folkestone and Calais is 35 minutes between 06:00-23:00 and around 45 minutes between 23:00-06:00. The Passengers need to check in at any rate 30 minutes before your vans due takeoff time. Eurotunnel have a decent record for on time flights. Disch:1 Above is the place Eurotunnel crosses the English Channel. Eurotunnel is an extraordinary method to take your vehicle on vacation with, and as should be obvious it has incredible street connects to every other piece of Britain. - 11-Eurotunnel transport tolls Eurotunnel has various toll alternatives. Costs inside one ticket alternative can shift a lot contingent upon various elements, for example, to what extent you book ahead of time, what sort of vehicle youre taking and to what extent youre remaining. Standard vehicle passage The normal standard charge for a vehicle up to 1. 85 meters high is I 49-I 75 one way. Note that standard admissions are altogether increasingly costly whenever booked at short notification. The cost incorporates the vehicle and every one of its travelers. The quantity of travelers can be any number up to the greatest the vehicle can lawfully convey. Cruisers: passages are around Registered guide hounds travel free So this could be the perfect method to go for anybody with challenges with their sight, likewise this could be perfect for individuals going on enormous outings, for example, school trips as the Eurotunnel has adequate offices to take mentors on, and as a feature of essential research I have really been on a mentor in the Eurotunnel and I thought it was a decent method to travel and was simple and brisk. Despite the fact that its not as immediate as the Eurostar, as the client should drive from Calais to Disneyland Paris yet it is made simple to get to Disneyland Paris as the traveler can take their vehicle with them, just as there being taxis accessible structure Calais. The image above shows the distinctive leaving focuses in the south shoreline of England, to the various areas in France wherein you can make a trip to. The most likely course for travelers from Maldon would be Dover to Calais. - 13-http://www. seafrance. com/cs/Satellite/uk/ship dover-calais/schedule to-dover? packedargs=site%3DSF_Pax_Uk the purple course is the best course, for voyagers from Maldon, from Maldon to Dover, the explorers can either pass via vehicle or get a taxi there, yet clearly you can take your vehicle on the ship or, similar to the Eurotunnel, if the voyagers are on a mentor trip the ship is available for mentors so the ship could be ideal for school trips, and what isolates a ship from the Eurotunnel is that the travelers can stroll around ready and visit eateries, shops, bars, and arcades. There is likewise relaxed territories with open to seating, so for travelers going on business, can chill with a beverage and whenever needed can continue ahead with some work in a quiet situation. On the off chance that the Traveler decided to utilize Sea France, and are driving a vehicle When they show up at the port of Dover, theyll need to experience movement and customs so this underlines the security of the ship. At that point they simply need to just follow the signs to the Sea France registration corners where an individual from the Sea France group will process their booking and give them a path number. Go to the vehicle paths and hold up until youre welcome to get on. Once locally available, the Sea France group will guide you on the vehicle deck. Likewise when leaving their vehicle, they will reminded to try to leave the handbrake on. They will likewise be reminded to bring all that they need for the excursion with them to the traveler regions, since access to the vehicle decks isn't allowed during the intersection. In the event that theyre going with a pet, at that point Sea France may be the organization to use for intersection anyway it should remain in the vehicle during the intersection. It is additionally simple to make a note of where your vehicle is left, so the explorers can discover it effectively when its opportunity to land. Travelers going by bike will likewise have the option to go via Sea France however should walk their bicycle up the incline on to the boat. What's more, For their wellbeing, if it's not too much trouble be cautious when leaving your cycle on the vehicle decks and adhere to the groups guidelines. For those travelers with sight troubles then they could pick Sea France as though youll be joined by a guide pooch or help hound they are free to get on with you for nothing out of pocket. So to close the ship would be acceptable again for school trips, and conceivably guardians with youngsters as the kids will have enough stuff to do on the ship to keep them engrossed. Likewise this is the extravagance choice for the individuals who need a vehicle, transport or bike in France to go around, as you can clearly take your vehicle with you.

Biography of Genghis Khan, Founder of the Mongol Empire

Life story of Genghis Khan, Founder of the Mongol Empire Genghis Khan (c. 1162â€August 18, 1227) was the unbelievable organizer and pioneer of the Mongol Empire. In a range of only 25 years, his horsemen vanquished a bigger region and more noteworthy populace than the Romans did in four centuries. To the a huge number of individuals vanquished by his crowds, Genghis Khan was shrewd in bodily form; in Mongolia and Central Asia, in any case, he was generally worshipped. Quick Facts: Genghis Khan Known For: Khan was the author and pioneer of the Mongol Empire.Also Known As: TemujinBorn: c. 1162 in Delun-Boldog, MongoliaDied: August 18, 1227, in Yinchuan, Western XiaSpouse(s): Borje, Khulan, Yesugen, Yesulun (in addition to others)Children: Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei, Tolui (in addition to other people) Early Life Records of the Great Khans early life are inadequate and opposing. He was likely conceived in 1162, however a few sources state 1155 or 1165. We realize that the kid was given the name Temujin. His dad Yesukhei was the head of the minor Borijin family of roaming Mongols, who lived by chasing as opposed to grouping or cultivating. Yesukhei had abducted Temujins youthful mother, Hoelun, as she and her first spouse were riding home from their wedding. She became Yesukheis second spouse; Temujin was his second child by only a couple of months. Mongol legend asserts that the infant was brought into the world with a blood coagulation in his clench hand, a sign that he would be an incredible warrior. Hardship and Captivity At the point when Temujin was nine, his dad took him to a neighboring clan to labor for quite a long while and acquire a lady of the hour. His expected spouse was a marginally more established young lady named Borje. In transit home, Yesukhei was harmed by rivals and passed on. Temujin came back to his mom, however the group ousted Yesukheis two widows and seven kids, leaving them to kick the bucket. The family made due by eating roots, rodents, and fish. Youthful Temujin and his full sibling Khasar developed to disdain their oldest relative Begter. They executed him and as discipline for the wrongdoing, Temujin was seized as a slave. His bondage may have gone on for over five years. Youth Set free at age 16, Temujin went to discover Borje once more. She was all the while hanging tight for him and they before long wedded. The couple utilized her endowment, a fine sable-fur garment, to make a partnership with Ong Khan of the amazing Kereyid faction. Ong Khan acknowledged Temujin as an encourage child. This collusion demonstrated key, as Hoeluns Merkid faction chose to retaliate for her some time in the past hijacking by taking Borje. With the Kereyid armed force, Temujin assaulted the Merkids, plundering their camp and recovering Borje. Temujin likewise had help in the strike from his youth kindred spirit Jamuka, who might later turn into an adversary. Borjes first child Jochi was brought into the world nine months after the fact. Solidification of Power In the wake of saving Borje, Temujins little band remained with Jamukas bunch for quite a while. Jamuka before long attested his position, as opposed to regarding Temujin as a sibling, which began a two-decade fight between the 19-year-olds. Temujin left the camp, alongside a significant number of Jamukas adherents and domesticated animals. At 27 years old, Temujin held a kurultai (inborn committee) among the Mongols, who chose him khan. The Mongols were just a Kereyid sub-group, be that as it may, and Ong Khan played Jamuka and Temujin off each other. As Khan, Temujin granted high office to his family members, however to those adherents who were generally faithful to him. Unification of the Mongols In 1190, Jamuka attacked Temujins camp, unfeelingly horse-hauling and in any event, bubbling alive his prisoners, which turned a significant number of his devotees against him. The joined Mongols before long crushed the neighboring Tatars and Jurchens, and Temujin Khan acclimatized their kin as opposed to follow the steppe custom of plundering them and leaving. Jamuka assaulted Ong Khan and Temujin in 1201. Regardless of enduring a bolt shot to the neck, Temujin vanquished and acclimatized Jamukas remaining warriors. Ong Khan at that point misleadingly attempted to snare Temujin at a wedding service for Ongs girl and Jochi, however the Mongols got away and came back to overcome the Kereyids. Early Conquests The unification of Mongolia finished in 1204 when Temujin crushed the incredible Naiman tribe. After two years, another kurultai affirmed him as Genghis Khan or widespread pioneer of all Mongolia. Within five years, the Mongols had added quite a bit of Siberia and what is today the cutting edge Chinese Xinjiang region. The Jurched Dynasty, administering northern China from Zhongdu (Beijing), saw the upstart Mongol khan and requested that he kowtow to its Golden Khan. In answer, Genghis Khan spat on the ground. He at that point vanquished their tributaries, the Tangut, and in 1214 he vanquished the Jurchens and their 50 million residents. The Mongol armed force numbered only 100,000. Victories of Central Asia, the Middle East, and the Caucasus Clans as distant as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan found out about the Great Khan and toppled their Buddhist rulers so as to join his developing realm. By 1219, Genghis Khan controlled from northern China to the Afghan borderâ and from Siberia to the fringe of Tibet. He looked for an exchange union with the amazing Khwarizm Empire, which controlled Central Asia from Afghanistan to the Black Sea. King Muhammad II concurred, yet then killed the principal Mongol exchange escort of 450 traders, taking their products. Prior as far as possible of that year, the furious Khan had caught each Khwarizm city, adding lands from Turkey to Russia to his domain. Passing In 1222, the 61-year-old Khan called a family kurultai to talk about the matter of progression. His four children differ over which ought to turn into the Great Khan. Jochi, the oldest, was brought into the world not long after Borjes capturing and probably won't have been Genghis Khans child, so the second child Chagatai provoked his entitlement to the title. As a trade off, the third child Ogodei turned into the replacement. Jochi kicked the bucket in February 1227, six months before his dad, who died on August 18, 1227. Ogodei took East Asia, which would become Yuan China. Chagatai asserted Central Asia. Tolui, the most youthful, took Mongolia appropriate. Jochis children controlled Russia and Eastern Europe. Inheritance After Genghis Khans mystery internment on the steppes of Mongolia, his children and grandsons kept on extending the Mongol Empire. Ogodeis child Kublai Khan vanquished the Song leaders of China in 1279 and built up the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan would manage all of China until 1368. Then, Chagatai pushed south from his Central Asian property, overcoming Persia. Inside Mongolia, Genghis Khan altered the social structure and transformed customary law. His was a libertarian culture, in which the humblest slave could ascend to be a military officer in the event that he indicated expertise or valiance. War goods was separated equally among all warriors, paying little heed to societal position. In contrast to most leaders of the time, Genghis Khan confided in steadfast adherents over his own relatives which added to the troublesome progression as he matured. The Great Khan prohibited the abducting of ladies, likely due to a limited extent to his wifes experience, yet additionally on the grounds that it prompted fighting among various Mongol gatherings. He banned domesticated animals stirring for a similar explanation and built up a winter-just chasing season to safeguard game for the hardest of times. In opposition to his heartless and boorish notoriety in the west, Genghis Khan proclaimed a few edified approaches that would not become regular practice in Europe until some other time. He ensured opportunity of religion, securing the privileges of Buddhists, Muslims, Christians, and Hindus the same. Genghis Khan himself loved the sky, yet he precluded the murdering of ministers, priests, nuns, mullahs, and other heavenly individuals. A 2003 DNA study uncovered that around 16 million men in the previous Mongol Empire, about 8% of the male populace, convey a hereditary marker that created in one family in Mongolia around 1,000 years back. The most probable clarification is that they are dropped from Genghis Khan or his siblings. Sources Craughwell, Thomas. The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire ever: How Genghis Khans Mongols Almost Conquered the World. Reasonable Winds Press, 2010.Djang, Sam. Genghis Khan: World Conqueror, Vols. I and II. New Horizon Books, 2011.Weatherford, Jack. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. Three Rivers Press, 2004.

Database Technologies

A Holistic View on DBMS / Database Technologies Data is at the centre of most of today’s businesses and companies must pay close attention to how they store, access and use data. One of the systems at the heart of current data management is a database management system.But as with most technology products out there, people have the ability to choose from a wide range of database technologies and systems. Picking the most convenient and relevant for your business can be difficult. © Shutterstock.com | Bakhtiar ZeinThis guide will explain what database management systems are and what are the benefits of using one. We’ll also explain some of the most common distinctions between these technologies and provide a few tips on how to select the best system for your business.INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSWhat are database management systems (DBMS)? First, it’s good to understand the different components of DBMSs. At the core of a DBMS is a database, which is essentially an organized collection of data. The data in the database is modeled in a manner, which helps support processes that seek information.Creating a database is simple, but you also need to be able to use the database for different functions. This is where database management systems come into play.A DBMS is a computer software application, which helps to interact with the user of the database, different applications, as well the database itself in order to gather and analyze data. A DBMS allows interaction with the data, whether it is to create, analyze, delete or change the data within a database.While the basic function of DBMSs are essentially the same, there are certain distinctions between different solutions. Therefore, DBMSs are often further categorized into separate groups based on:the model they support,the type of device they run on,the language they use to access the database,the internal engineering of the software.What do database management systems do?Understanding the idea behind database management systems is easier if you understand the use of these systems. The DBMS provides users four core functions. These are the ability to create, retrieve, update and manage data. These functions are enabled by the way in which a DBMS helps manage three core aspects:the data,the database engine, which allows data to be accessed, locked and modified,the database schema, which defines the logical structure of the database.Management of these foundational element s allows DBMSs to perform different procedures related to the four core functions mentioned above. With a DBMS, users can perform a variety of actions including:Data managementData definitionTransaction supportCurrency controlRecoveryFacilities to import and export dataUser managementBackupPerformance analysisIn essence, a DBMS provides users a centralized view of data. For example, businesses might use a DBMS to collect information on customers, but also for operational purposes such as accounting. As we’ll see in the section below, this can have many benefits.Examples of DBMSsWe’ll be looking at different database technologies later on in the guide, but it’s helpful to mention some known examples of DBMSs. Well-known DBMSs include applications like:MySQLPostgreSQLOracleSybaseIBM DB2Check out the YouTube video below to understand the basics of DBMSs: WHY DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ARE IMPORTANT?As the above shows, a DBMS can have a number of functions. The complexity of thes e systems has evolved and in general, the software is often divided into two main categories: the general-purpose DBMSs and the special-purpose DBMS. Since DBMSs can conduct complex tasks or perform more specified roles, countless groups of people benefit from them.Typical database management system users include:Database administratorsDatabase designersApplication programmersEnd usersYet, it would be too easy to simply write-off DBMSs as software only IT-personnel need to use. There are huge benefits to using DBMS technologies, which means understanding the different systems is crucial for any business person or individual working with data.The benefits of database management systemsPerhaps the most crucial advantage of DBMSs is how it allows the end users of the application, as well as the programmers, to access and use the same data. More importantly, this happens without jeopardizing data integrity. A DBMS provides data independence; it offers flexible access to data and guarant ees access without forcing the user to necessarily understand where the data is located. To users, this kind of data independence can remove the concern over any possible changes to the structure of data.A business could easily add new information to the database, as its operations develop and change, without disruption of the existing system. Data loss or operational problems will be limited by using a DBMS.A DBMS can also enhance the integrity and security of the data. Since it’s possible to allow different levels of access to the same data, the data won’t be easily compromised. As most DBMSs also mean data is located in a physically different location from the user, the security of the data increases further.In addition, the core functions include tasks such as backup and recovery of the data. This guarantees data isn’t jeopardized while it’s being accessed and modified. Overall, it ensures uniform administration procedures for data.Finally, it must be mentioned that sinc e DBMSs can be operated remotely, it’s possible to outsource data administration. This can be especially useful for small businesses, which might not have the resources to conduct data administration themselves.TYPES OF DATABASE TECHNOLOGIESAs mentioned briefly above, there are different database technologies. Each technology offers its own pros and cons and below is a look at some of the most common technologies.Single- vs. multi-file databasesA notable difference between technologies can be whether they are single-file or multi-file databases.Single-file databaseA single-file database is the simplest database structure, as it consists of unified information, which can often be used and accessed in a pre-determined manner. Complexity in a single-file database is not commonplace.While this type of technology can provide benefits to narrowly defined data, which organizes in a limited manner, it can offer limited possibilities for use when dealing with large sets of data. For exampl e, different single-file databases don’t interact with each other, even though they might consists of the same information. Therefore, when you update one database, your other databases won’t automatically include these changes and could thus contain wrong information. Single-file databases must also be all in the same location, which can cause difficulties in storage and increase the security risk of the data.Multi-file databaseAs we’ve increased collection of data, the complexity of data has also risen. Much of the data we use is not in the above, unified format. A multi-file database links different data formats together and allows a more flexible way of organizing and using data. It provides users with the ability to link between different data sets and make sense of them.Furthermore, a multi-file database provides the advantage of splitting the database and using it from different locations. This provides the technical advantage of speed, as multiple users can access the information quicker than if it was located in the same physical location or disk.Relational vs. non-relational databasesAs the above distinction might have shown, a majority of today’s DBMSs are multi-file databases. But these can be further organised in a different manner. One of the most common options to choose between is relational vs. non-relational databases.Relational databaseThe most basic model for DBMSs is the relational database model, often referred to as RDBMS. This means that the multi-file databases mentioned above, are linked together and data from separate files can be used and accessed from different locations.The strengths of this model are similar to the strengths of DBMSs. The relational database structure is flexible and reliable. Since it’s such an established technology, the costs and risks associated with it are small.Nonetheless, there are weaknesses to RDBMSs, with the majority of them relating to specific performance issues. Relational models require pre-determined formats, which can limit the complexity and often result in issues if information is added with a different format. There’s also lack of support for complex base types, such as drawings.Note that the common relational databases are often referred to as SQL databases. The SQL refers to the programming language (Structured Query Language) and many RDBMSs, such as Oracle and MySQL, use this language for creating and processing databases.Non-relational databaseThe opposite of a relational database is a non-relational database. Since relational databases are often referred to by their programming language, SQL, the non-relational databases are known as NoSQL databases.These models are designed to bypass the problem of accessing data, which is not typically structured in a standard model. It therefore provides more scalability and flexibility to relational databases. In fact, non-relational databases can often be stored in a single-file format, because the databases are d ocument-oriented rather than structured.Non-relational technologies allow the use of non-structured data, such as videos, or photos. These datasets can be categorized in a number of ways, with pre-determined fields.The downside is that this kind of database categorization requires extra processing power. The requirements of the technology can add a strain, not only for the physical requirements, but also for the cost effectiveness of the system.Centralized vs. distributed databasesDatabases can also be stored in different manners. The most common distinction between different ways database systems are organized is between centralized and distributed databases.Centralized databaseDatabases were typically centralized, which means stored, located and maintained in a single location. In the past, this was due to the technological limitations of computers. Under this approach, the data can be accessed from different places, but the data itself is stored in a central computer or database, in a single database file.Centralized databases benefit from enhanced data integrity and minimized data redundancy, since the data is only found in a single location there’s only one primary market of it. Securing this database can be easier, as you only need to secure the single data location. Overall, the maintenance cost of the data is minimized.On the other hand, the database access relies quite heavily on network connectivity. Since the data is only stored in a single location, problems in access can result in total loss of data access. Naturally, faults in storage could potentially lead to full loss of data, which could be catastrophic for businesses.Distributed databaseTo counter some of the problems with centralized databases, distributed databases have become a popular option. In these systems, the data is stored in multiple physical locations. Furthermore, the distributed databases can be divided into homogenous and heterogeneous databases. The system includes a multi-f ile system, controlled by a single, central DBMS.The benefits of distributed systems are flexible in the sense that they provide more security in case there’s a fault in the system. Retrieving lost data is typically easier and faster in a distributed system. Often they also provide better access, as data can be accessed via multiple networks.The downside is that the creation of a distributed system can be more complex. These DBMSs are based on a hierarchical structure, making it harder to maintain data. Data redundancy can increase in a distributed system. Furthermore, since the data is scattered and provides multiple access points, securing the system can be harder.Column-oriented vs. row-oriented databasesFinally, DBMSs can differ in how the data is stored. In most instances, DBMSs are either column-oriented or row-oriented.The differences are more evident once you understand that relational databases typically provide data in a two-dimensional table. This database is essentiall y a selection of columns and rows. But in order to access this data, DBMSs have to use either a column-oriented or row-oriented approach of collecting the data. This means data is either read as a column format or a row format.Column-oriented databaseA column-oriented system means the data is stored as sections of columns of data. This means a single column consists of the values and datasets of that column and there can be a number of these columns within the database.It’s typically used in database management dealing with data warehouses, clinical data and customer relationship management (CRM) systems. The approach is beneficial for these types of tasks because column-orientation helps normalize the data and read different data sets relating to the same field efficiently.But since a column-oriented database focuses on a whole column, the more complexity your data queries involve, the harder it can be to perform using this approach.Row-oriented databaseOn the other hand, a row-o riented database sees the data stored in sections of rows, rather than columns. The aim is to limit the effort in receiving data regarding a particular query. In fact, many relational database management systems tend to favor a row-oriented approach. For example, online shopping websites often use row-oriented databases for fetching product information.While this approach can provide data efficiently and quickly, it isn’t efficient when you require the use of a whole dataset. For example, if you were looking for information over personnel earning a specific salary, gathering this data would take an enormous amount of time under a row-oriented approach.SELECTING A DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMAs the above shows, there are a number of options available when it comes to database management systems. Whilst the main benefits of DBMSs remain the same, the tasks and needs of the user are essential in determining the right type of technology.Overall, when you are deciding on a DBMS, you shou ld consider these three aspects:The complexity of data â€" if you are operating multi-file databases, you definitely want to consider using appropriate and the more complex DBMSs available. In fact, under these circumstances it might be a good idea to consider outsourcing your database management. On the other hand, if you are dealing with a single-file database, you are most likely able to manage it without a complex system or understanding of DBMS.The structure of data â€" you also need to consider the way the data is structured. As the above showed, if you are looking for a DBMS for customer database management, a column-oriented software is better than row-oriented. It is important to determine not just how the data is stored, but also how you’ll use it.The feature requirements â€" naturally, you must also keep in mind feature requirements, such as operational requirements. Certain DBMSs don’t operate on platforms such as Linux or Windows, while others could use a programmin g language you are not aware of. Furthermore, since certain approaches, such as distributed databases require much more from the hardware itself, it might not be a cost effective option for your business.Finally, you should consider the kind of development and support the DBMS provides for you. This is especially important for business users, as your needs might evolve as years go by. You don’t want the DBMS to restrict your ability to upgrade later and additional software support can be crucial to ensure your business isn’t damaged while you sort out the issues with the DBMS.

History of Plate Tectonics Essay - 825 Words

History of Plate Tectonics (Essay Sample) Content: The History of Plate TectonicsName:Institution:Introduction.Plate tectonics, based on the earlier theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener is probably the most significant geological theories ever developed. This essay aims to review the evolution of this theory as it has progressed from Wagenerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s work to the present.Continental drift theoryThis theory was espoused by Alfred Wegener in 1912. According to Torsvik Cocks (2012), Wegener, a German meteorologist came up with the proposal that all the continents initially formed a single super-continent which he called Pangea, which was surrounded by a vast ocean called Panthalassa. This supercontinent later drifted apart forming the present day continents. Wegenerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s based his theory on the similarity between the coastlines on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. He further expanded his concept on the premise that Permian flora as well as carboniferous fossils were found in South Africa, South America, India, Madagascar, Australia and Eastern Antarctica only and nowhere else leading him to hypothesize that these continents, now separated by oceans, were at one point joined together. Wegener hypothesized that the continents consist mainly of lighter rocks resting on heavier crustal materials and that their relative position is not fixed, but are slowly moving at the rate of approximately a yard per century. He therefore postulated a lateral movement of continents (Torsvik Cocks, 2012).A major criticism of Wegener theory is that there was no plausible mechanism to explain the lateral movement of the continents. Further, it would have been expected that due to the lateral movements, there would have been physical evidence of massive thrust faults under the margins of continents, of which none existed further casting doubts on this theory.Rolf, Coltice Tackley (2012) affirms, and so do many researchers in this field that the fact that Wagener based much of his argume nts on the apparently superficial similarity of symmetry of the coastlines, especially of South America and the West Coast of Africa further weakens his theory. Such a match can only be identified at the continental shelf level hence basing it on coastlines is inherently flawed.It appears that the major reason why there was much resistance to this theory is because much of Wegenerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s work was theoretical in that he dwelt so much on building theories out of his observation as opposed to being empirical which would have involved quantitative applications to support his arguments.Contemporary plate tectonics theory.Significant technological advances in the field of geological research especially during and after the Second World War yielded new data which led to the rejection of the vertical movements as proposed by Wegener. As Rolf et al. (2012) succinctly puts it, three main discoveries provided the essential stepping stones in the development of the wider theory of Plate Te ctonics, which was largely formulated between 1965 and 1968; Studies of the bathymetry of the ocean floor revealed massive ridges filled with magma from which it was believed the seafloor was spreading, mapping of the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s magnetic fields revealed irregular reversals of the magnetic fields polarity while studies of the paleomagnetic data from rocks of the same age from different continents showed different location of poles while that from rocks from different age from same location showed apparent reversal in polarity. The theory arose out of an attempt by geologists to explain these occurances.According to Rolf et al. (2012), this theory postulates that the earth lithosphere is made up of plates that move relative to each other across the earth. These lithospheric plates consist of seven large and 18 smaller plates that diverge, converge and slip past one another along their boundaries. These plates can be either continental or oceanic or a combination of both and li e atop a layer of partly molten rock called the athenosphere.The continental plates are mainly made up of granite and are lighter while the oceanic plates are made up of basalt and are denser. The continental plates hence float on top of the oceanic ones high up on the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s mantle. The interaction of these plates forms various types of plate bound... History of Plate Tectonics Essay - 825 Words History of Plate Tectonics (Essay Sample) Content: The History of Plate TectonicsName:Institution:Introduction.Plate tectonics, based on the earlier theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener is probably the most significant geological theories ever developed. This essay aims to review the evolution of this theory as it has progressed from Wagenerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s work to the present.Continental drift theoryThis theory was espoused by Alfred Wegener in 1912. According to Torsvik Cocks (2012), Wegener, a German meteorologist came up with the proposal that all the continents initially formed a single super-continent which he called Pangea, which was surrounded by a vast ocean called Panthalassa. This supercontinent later drifted apart forming the present day continents. Wegenerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s based his theory on the similarity between the coastlines on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. He further expanded his concept on the premise that Permian flora as well as carboniferous fossils were found in South Africa, South America, India, Madagascar, Australia and Eastern Antarctica only and nowhere else leading him to hypothesize that these continents, now separated by oceans, were at one point joined together. Wegener hypothesized that the continents consist mainly of lighter rocks resting on heavier crustal materials and that their relative position is not fixed, but are slowly moving at the rate of approximately a yard per century. He therefore postulated a lateral movement of continents (Torsvik Cocks, 2012).A major criticism of Wegener theory is that there was no plausible mechanism to explain the lateral movement of the continents. Further, it would have been expected that due to the lateral movements, there would have been physical evidence of massive thrust faults under the margins of continents, of which none existed further casting doubts on this theory.Rolf, Coltice Tackley (2012) affirms, and so do many researchers in this field that the fact that Wagener based much of his argume nts on the apparently superficial similarity of symmetry of the coastlines, especially of South America and the West Coast of Africa further weakens his theory. Such a match can only be identified at the continental shelf level hence basing it on coastlines is inherently flawed.It appears that the major reason why there was much resistance to this theory is because much of Wegenerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s work was theoretical in that he dwelt so much on building theories out of his observation as opposed to being empirical which would have involved quantitative applications to support his arguments.Contemporary plate tectonics theory.Significant technological advances in the field of geological research especially during and after the Second World War yielded new data which led to the rejection of the vertical movements as proposed by Wegener. As Rolf et al. (2012) succinctly puts it, three main discoveries provided the essential stepping stones in the development of the wider theory of Plate Te ctonics, which was largely formulated between 1965 and 1968; Studies of the bathymetry of the ocean floor revealed massive ridges filled with magma from which it was believed the seafloor was spreading, mapping of the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s magnetic fields revealed irregular reversals of the magnetic fields polarity while studies of the paleomagnetic data from rocks of the same age from different continents showed different location of poles while that from rocks from different age from same location showed apparent reversal in polarity. The theory arose out of an attempt by geologists to explain these occurances.According to Rolf et al. (2012), this theory postulates that the earth lithosphere is made up of plates that move relative to each other across the earth. These lithospheric plates consist of seven large and 18 smaller plates that diverge, converge and slip past one another along their boundaries. These plates can be either continental or oceanic or a combination of both and li e atop a layer of partly molten rock called the athenosphere.The continental plates are mainly made up of granite and are lighter while the oceanic plates are made up of basalt and are denser. The continental plates hence float on top of the oceanic ones high up on the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s mantle. The interaction of these plates forms various types of plate bound...

Essay on The Meaning of the Gettysburg Address - 564 Words

Essay on the Meaning of the Gettysburg Address While the Gettysburg Address is fairly short in length at around 300 words, this famous speech delivered by President Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1963 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania is both enduring and meaningful for all Americans today, almost exactly 146 years later. The first paragraph of his speech sets the tone, in which Lincoln does not directly mention the bloody Battle of Gettysburg, in which 50,000 soldiers lost their lives. Instead, he refers in the opening phrase, â€Å"Four score and seven years ago,† to the founding of America through another important written document, the Declaration of Independence in 1776. I believe Lincoln wanted the country to focus on preserving this†¦show more content†¦I believe he is again focusing on preserving the country and uniting all Americans, North and South, behind the nation and reminding them of our common history. President Lincoln also refers to the dedication of the Battlefield of Gettysburg, emphasizing that this is,† a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.† Clearly, Lincoln wants to remind all citizens that these thousands of casualties were for a great purpose of preserving this country, not dividing it through a Civil War. In the third paragraph, President Lincoln stresses the important point that the words of his speech cannot actually bless or make holy the Battlefield of Gettysburg. Rather, he indicates the bravery of the men, both living and dead, has already made the ground of the battlefield sacred. Again, Lincoln is honoring the actions of all the soldiers, Union and Confederate, and trying to unite the nation instead of dividing it. In the last paragraph of the speech, President Lincoln is telling the American people that the proper way to honor the brave soldiers is to dedicate and devote your life to the country, one which there will be, â€Å"a new birth of freedom.† Lincoln points out this government will represent all the people, and will remain forever. President Lincoln, through this speech is trying heal the nation that is divided by the great Civil War, and offeringShow MoreRelatedMeaning Behind The Gettysburg Address Essay572 Words   |  3 PagesWhile the Gettysburg Address is short in length at around 300 words, this famous speech by President Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania is still both enduring and meaningful for all Americans today, almost exactly 146 years later. The first paragraph of his speech sets the tone, in which Lincoln does not directly mention the bloody Battle of Gettysburg, in which 50,000 soldiers lost their lives. 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